Factores de predisposición y dinámica espacio-temporal de dos plagas de las piñas de Pinus pinea (Leptoglossus occidentalis y Dioryctria mendacella)
Resumen
Objetivo del estudio: Cuantificar el impacto real de la chinche exótica succionadora de yemas de coníferas Leptoglossus occidentalis (WCSB), y la polilla nativa Dioryctria mendacella (PCM), dos plagas que se alimentan de forma simultánea sobre piñas y piñones de Pinus pinea; identificar los potenciales factores exógenos y endógenos controlando la dinámica de cada plaga, y evaluar la ocurrencia de sinergias y compromisos entre ambas plagas. Área de estudio: Meseta Norte (España). Material y métodos: Datos anuales de producción de piña, piñón y severidad de ambas plagas, medidos en una red de 52 parcelas (250 árboles) localizada en masas puras regulares de Pinus pinea, cubriendo nueve años (2013-2021). Dada la estructura de los datos y el modelo conceptual propuesto se utilizan modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) y análisis de camino. Resultados principales: En los últimos años se ha observado un patrón creciente en la severidad debida al chinche WCSB, que ha llegado a afectar al 60% de los piñones, mientras que la polilla PCM mostró un nivel de severidad constante, afectando en promedio al 20% de las piñas. La tasa de severidad de cada plaga estaba directamente influida por el tamaño medio de la piña, variable que a su vez era controlada por la precipitación anual y la edad del rodal. Temperaturas más elevadas y edades avanzadas de la masa ejercieron un efecto directo y positivo sobre la tasa de severidad de ambas plagas, mientras que la cantidad de piña disponible influyó de manera directa y negativa. Se han identificado interacciones temporales complejas entre la tasa de severidad de ambas plagas. Aspectos destacados de la investigación: La severidad de ambas plagas está influida por factores exógenos y endógenos que pueden verse agravados bajo escenarios de cambio climático. La aplicación de una selvicultura adaptativa orientada aumentar la producción individual de piña puede mitigar el efecto de ambas plagas.
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