Alimentos silvestres de plantaciones de coníferas exóticas y praderas en la Patagonia (Argentina): propiedades nutricionales y bioactivas de hongos comestibles
Resumen
Objetivo del estudio: Las plantaciones de coníferas exóticas y los pastizales con ganadería constituyen paisajes antropizados ampliamente distribuidos y extensos en la Patagonia, Argentina, que albergan una diversidad de especies de hongos comestibles silvestres que aún permanecen poco exploradas desde el punto de vista nutricional y funcional. Este estudio evaluó la composición química y la bioactividad de hongos comestibles silvestres exóticos (WEM) de la Patagonia (Argentina). Área del estudio: El estudio se llevó a cabo en las provincias de Chubut, Neuquén y Río Negro, en la Patagonia, Argentina. Material y métodos: Se evaluaron siete especies de WEM provenientes de praderas antropizadas y plantaciones de pino [Agaricus campestris L., Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray, Leucocoprinus leucothites (Vittad.) Redhead, Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer, Suillus lakei (Murrill) A.H.Sm. & Thiers, Suillus luteus (L.: Fries) Gray y Rhizopogon roseolus (Corda) Th.Fr.] en cuanto a su composición proximal (ácidos grasos, ácidos orgánicos, azúcares solubles, compuestos fenólicos y ergosterol), sus actividades antioxidantes (TBARS [sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico] y OxHLIA [ensayo de inhibición de la hemólisis oxidativa]) y sus actividades antimicrobianas. Resultados principales: Los carbohidratos oscilaron entre 39,00 g/100 g de peso seco (ps) en A. campestris y 79,20 g/100 g ps en S. luteus. Se encontraron valores significativamente más altos de grasa total en S. lakei (3,90 g/100 g ps), Lactarius deliciosus (3,84) y S. luteus (3,80). La proteína cruda fue mayor en A. campestris (32,6 g/100 g ps), seguida de Leucocoprinus leucothites (18,80 g/100 g ps), mientras que el valor energético fue mayor en Lactarius deliciosus y S. luteus (396,70 Kcal/100 g ps y 396,00 Kcal/100 g ps, respectivamente). En total, se identificaron y cuantificaron 27 ácidos grasos; los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (PUFAs) fueron el grupo principal, con altas cantidades de ácido linoleico (C18:2), presente en todas las especies. Los extractos más efectivos en cuanto a capacidad antioxidante (TBARS) fueron los de A. campestris y S. lakei. Los efectos antibacterianos fueron particularmente marcados contra Yersinia enterocolitica, mientras que la actividad antifúngica fue más fuerte contra Aspergillus brasiliensis, siendo los extractos de S. luteus y A. campestris los más efectivos, respectivamente. Aspectos destacados de la investigación: Las plantaciones de pino y los pastizales de la región andino-patagónica albergan numerosos hongos comestibles silvestres que pueden utilizarse como fuente alternativa de alimento, con altos beneficios nutricionales y bioactivos. Pueden contribuir a alcanzar la soberanía alimentaria y potenciar actividades como la micogastronomía, la micoterapia, el micoturismo y la producción de alimentos funcionales a partir de estos ambientes.
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