Efectos a corto plazo de la intensidad de manejo sobre la estructura espacial y la biodiversidad en plantaciones mixtas de Camptotheca acuminata y Liquidambar formosana
Resumen
Objetivo del estudio: Este trabajo tuvo como objetivos: 1) analizar las respuestas iniciales de la estructura espacial del rodal y de la biodiversidad del sotobosque en plantaciones mixtas de Camptotheca acuminata Decne,. y Liquidambar formosana Hance sometidas a liberación de árboles de cultivo (CTR) con diferentes intensidades de aclareo, y 2) explorar los mecanismos estructurales que determinan los cambios en la biodiversidad, con el propósito de aportar una base teórica para diseñar estrategias de CTR eficaces orientadas a optimizar la estructura espacial y mejorar la biodiversidad en las plantaciones.
Área de estudio: Finca Forestal Beishan, condado de Tongshan, provincia de Hubei, República Popular China.
Material y métodos: Se establecieron veinticinco parcelas permanentes en las que se aplicaron cinco intensidades de aclareo: CK (control), WT (baja), MT (moderada), HT (alta) y ST (muy alta). Se evaluaron seis índices de estructura espacial — índice de ángulo uniforme (W), relación de tamaño (U), mezcla (M), apertura (O), índice de competencia (CI) e índice de estratificación del rodal (S)— antes del CTR, inmediatamente después y tres años más tarde. Los cambios en la biodiversidad de las capas herbácea y arbustiva se analizaron mediante análisis de redundancia (RDA) y análisis de trayectorias para identificar los principales impulsores estructurales.
Resultados principales: A lo largo de los tres años posteriores al CTR, los valores de W aumentaron de 0.462 a 0.472, los de M de 0.593 a 0.640 y los de S de 0.429 a 0.569, mientras que el CI disminuyó de 0.689 a 0.589, aunque presentó un ligero repunte al final del tercer año. Las puntuaciones estructurales mostraron variaciones temporales. Los tratamientos WT y HT mejoraron la diversidad de la capa herbácea; además, WT incrementó el índice de Shannon–Wiener en la capa arbustiva. La mezcla tuvo un efecto positivo sobre la diversidad herbácea, mientras que la intensidad de competencia la afectó negativamente.
Aspectos destacados: Los índices M y CI fueron los principales factores que determinaron la biodiversidad del sotobosque. Los tratamientos WT y HT promovieron de manera efectiva la diversidad, proporcionando orientaciones prácticas para la gestión sostenible de plantaciones mixtas.
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