Susceptibility of common alder (Alnus glutinosa) seeds and seedlings to Phytophthora alni and other Phytophthora species
Abstract
Phytophthora alni is a highly destructive host specific pathogen to alders (Alnus spp.) spreading all over Europe. Recently this pathogen has been reported to cause diseases in common alder (Alnus glutinosa) in Spain. Seeds and seedlings of A. glutinosa were tested in vitro for their susceptibility to alder Phytophthora and other Phytophthora species. Isolates of P. alni ssp. alni, P. cinnamomi, P. citrophthora, P. nicotianae and P. palmivora were used in the experiments. Seeds and seedlings were inoculated with a zoospore suspension and uniform mycelial blocks of agar of the Phytophthora species. Susceptibility was calculated in terms of pathogen virulence on seed germination and seedling mortality 42 and 67 days after inoculation respectively. Seed germination and seedling mortality rates varied differently among the isolates used. Results implied that common alder and its seeds and seedlings are at risk to be infected by P. alni. In addition, other Phytophthora species are able to infect this kind of material showing their relative host non-specificity. This is one important finding concerning alder regeneration in infected areas, and the possibility of disease spread on this plant material.Downloads
References
Belbahri L, Moralejo E, Calmin G, Oszako T, Garcia JA, Descals E, Lefort F. 2006. Phytophthora polonica, a new species isolated from declining Alnus glutinosa stands in Poland. FEMS Microbiology Letters 261, 165-174.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00349.x
PMid:16907716
Brasier CM. 2003. The hybrid alder Phytophthora: genetic status, pathogenicity, distribution and competitive survival. In: Phytophthora disease of alder in Europe, eds. Gibbs JN, Van Dijk C, Webber JF. Forestry Commission Bulletin 126. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, 39-54.
Brasier CM, Kirk SA. 2001. Comparative aggressiveness of standard and variant hybrid alder Phytophthora, Phytophthora cambivora and other Phytophthora species on the bark of Alnus, Quercus and other woody hosts. Plant Pathology 50, 218-229.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00553.x
Brasier CM, Kirk SA, Delcan J, Cooke D, Jung T, Man In’T Veld WA. 2004. Phytophthora alni sp. nov. and its variants: designation of emerging heteroploid hybrid pathogens spreading on Alnus trees. Mycological research 108, 1172-1184.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0953756204001005
PMid:15535068
Brasier CM, Robredo F, Ferraz JFP. 1993. Evidence for Phytophthora cinnamomi involvement in Iberian oak decline. Plant Pathology 42, 140-145.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1993.tb01482.x
Brasier CM, Rosen J, Gibbs JN. 1995. An unusual Phytophthora associated with widespread alder mortality in Britain. Plant Pathology 44, 999-1007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1995.tb02658.x
Cerný K, Strnadová V. 2010. Phytophthora alder decline: disease symptoms, causal agent and its distribution in the Czech Republic. Plant Protection Science 46 (1), 12-18.
Denman S, Kirk SA, Brasier CM, Webber JF. 2005. In vitro leaf inoculation studies as an indication of tree foliage susceptibility to Phytophthora ramorum in the UK. Plant Pathology 54, 512-521.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2005.01243.x
Donahoo RS, Lamour KH. 2008. Characterization of Phytophthora species from leaves of nursery woody ornamentals in Tennessee. HortScience 43(6), 1833-1837.
Dudzinski MJ, Old KM, Gibbs RJ. 1993. Pathogenic variability in Australian isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi. Australian Journal of Botany 41, 721-732.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/BT9930721
Erwin DC, Ribeiro OK. 1996. Phytophthora Disease Worldwide. APS Press, St Paul, Minnesota, USA, 562 pp.
Ferguson AJ, Jeffers SN. 1999. Detecting multiple species of Phytophthora in container mixes from ornamental crop nurseries. Plant Disease 83, 1129-1136.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.12.1129
Gibbs JN. 1995. Phytophthora root disease of alder in Britain. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 25, 661-664.
Gibbs JN, Lipscombe MA, Peace AJ. 1999. The impact of Phytophthora disease on riparian populations of common alder (Alnus glutinosa) in southern Britain. European Journal of Forest Pathology 29, 39-50.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0329.1999.00129.x
Gibbs JN, Van Dijk C, Webber JF. 2003. Phytophthora Disease of Alder in Europe. Edinburgh, UK: Forestry Commission Bulletin No. 126.
Hardy GE, Sivasithamparam K. 1988. Phytophthora spp. associated with container-grown plants in nurseries in Western Australia. Plant Disease 72, 435-437.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PD-72-0435
Hong CX, Richardson PA, Kong P. 2006. Phytophthora tropicalis isolated from diseased leaves of Pieris japonica and Rhododendron catawbiense and found in irrigation water and soil in Virginia. Plant Disease 90, 525.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PD-90-0525C
Ioos R, Husson C, Andrieux A, Frey P. 2005. SCAR-based PCR primers to detect the hybrid pathogen Phytophthora alni and its subspecies causing alder disease in Europe. European Journal of Plant Pathology 112, 323-335.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-005-6233-2
Jung T, Blaschke M. 2004. Phytophthora root and collar rot of alders in Bavaria: distribution, modes of spread and possible management strategies. Plant Pathology 53, 197-208.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0032-0862.2004.00957.x
Jung T, Blaschke M, Schlenzig A, Oßwald W, Gulder HJ. 2003. Phytophthora disease of alders in Bavaria: extent of damage, mode of spread and management strategies. In Phytophthora in Forests and Natural Ecosystems (Mc- Comb JA, Hardy GES., Tommerup I, eds): 226-234. Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia.
Jung T, Cooke DEL, Blaschke H, Duncan JM, Osswald W. 1999. Phytophthora quercina sp. nov. causing root rot of European oaks. Mycological Research 103, 785-798.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0953756298007734
Linde C, Kemp GHJ, Wingfield MJ. 1999. Variation in pathogenicity among South African isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi. European Journal of Plant Pathology 105, 231-239.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008780429770
Marcais B, Dupuis F, Desprez-Loustau ML. 1993. Influence of water stress on susceptibility of red oak (Quercus rubra) to Phytophthora cinnamomi. European Journal of Forest Pathology 23, 295-305.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1993.tb00966.x
Maseko B, Burgess T, Coutinho T, Wingfield M. 2001. First report of Phytophthora nicotianae associated with Eucalyptus die-back in South Africa. Plant Pathology 50, 413.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00578.x
Nagy ZA, Bakonyi J, Érsek T, 2003. Standard and Swedish variant types of the hybrid alder Phytophthora attacking alder in Hungary. Pest Management Science 59, 484-492.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.681
PMid:12701711
Oszako T, Orlikowski LB,Trzewik A. 2007. Zagrożenie polskich szkółek leśnych przez gatunki rodzaju Phytophthora. Progress in Plant Protection 47 (2), 224-234.
Robin C, Desprez-Loustau ML. 1998. Testing variability in pathogenicity of Phytophthora cinnamomi. European Journal of Plant Pathology 104, 465-475.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008649806620
Sanchez ME, Caetano P, Ferraz J, Trapero A. 2002. Phytophthora disease of Quercus ilex in south-western Spain. Forest Pathology 32, 5-18.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0329.2002.00261.x
Santini A, Barzanti GP, Capretti P. 2001. A new Phytophthora root disease of alder in Italy. Plant Disease 5, 560.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.5.560A
Santini A, Barzanti GP, Capretti P. 2003. Susceptibility of some Mesophilic hardwoods to alder Phytophthora. Journal of Phytophthora 151, 406-410.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0434.2003.00739.x
Santini A, Biancalani F, Barzanti GP, Capretti P. 2006. Pathogenicity of four Phytophthora species on wild Cherry and Italian alder seedlings. Journal of Phytopathology 154, 163-167.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2006.01077.x
Schumacher J, Leonhard S, Grundmann BM, Roloff A. 2006. New alder disease in Spreewald biosphere reserve: causes and incidental factors of an epidemic. Nachrichtenbl. Deut. Pflanzenschutzd 58 (6), 141-147.
Schwingle BW, Smith JA, Blanchette RA. 2007. Phytophthora species associated with diseased woody ornamentals in Minnesota nurseries. Plant Disease 91(1), 97-102.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PD-91-0097
Solla A, Pérez-Sierra A, Corcobado T, Haque MM, Diez JJ, Jung T. 2010. Phytophthora alni on Alnus glutinosa reported for the first time in Spain. Plant Pathology 59, 798.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2009.02254.x
Streito JC, Legrand P, Tabary F, Jarnouen de Villartay G, 2002. Phytophthora disease of alder (Alnus glutinosa) in France: investigations between 1995 and 1999. Forest Pathology 32, 179-91.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0329.2002.00282.x
Szabó I, Nagy Z, Bakonyi J, Érsek T. 2000. First report of Phytophthora root and collar rot of alder in Hungary. Plant Disease 84, 1251.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.11.1251A
Thomidis T, Sotiropoulos T. 2003. Pathogenicity of 11 Phytophthora species CAB-6P cherry rootstock. New Zealand Journal of Crop Horticultural Science 31, 355-360.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01140671.2003.9514271
Thomidis T. 2001. Testing variability in pathogenicity of Phytophthora cactorum, P. citrophthora and P. syringae to apple, pear, peach, cherry and plum rootstock. Phytoparasitica 29, 47-49.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02981813
Tippett JT, Hill TC, Shearer BL. 1985. Resistance of Eucalyptus sp. to invasion by Phytophthora cinnamomi. Australian Journal of Botany 33, 409-418.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/BT9850409
Tuset JJ, González V, Hinarejos C, Mira JL, Sánchez G. 2006. Prospección para determinar la posible presencia de Phytophthora spp. en las alisedas del norte de España. In: Cobos J.M., ed., Proceedings of the XXIII Annual Meeting of the Forest Health Working Group, Madrid, Spain, 2006, Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid. 527-537.
Varela CP, Martinez CR, Vázquez JPM, Casal OA. 2010. First Report of Phytophthora rot on Alders Caused by Phytophthora alni subsp. alni in Spain. Plant Pathology 94 (2), 273.
Yamak F, Peever TL, Grove GG, Boal RJ. 2002. Occurrence and identification of Phytophthora spp. pathogenic to pear fruit in irrigation water in the Wenatchee River valley of Washington state. Phytopathology 92, 1210-1217.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.11.1210
PMid:18944247
© CSIC. Manuscripts published in both the printed and online versions of this Journal are the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and quoting this source is a requirement for any partial or full reproduction.
All contents of this electronic edition, except where otherwise noted, are distributed under a “Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International” (CC BY 4.0) License. You may read here the basic information and the legal text of the license. The indication of the CC BY 4.0 License must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
Self-archiving in repositories, personal webpages or similar, of any version other than the published by the Editor, is not allowed.
