IntroductionTop
Turkey has 22.3 million hectares’ forest area and is one of the regions of high diversity for Quercus species with 18 species of oak (Yaltırık, 1984) which have a natural distribution of about 5.9 million ha (OGM, 2015). One out of the 18 oak species in Turkey, is Hungarian oak (Quercus frainetto Ten.). Hungarian oak (also known as Italian oak) is a large deciduous tree, reaching heights of more than 30 m tall (Yaltırık, 1998; Mauri et al., 2016). It is native to Balkan Peninsula, and also present in South Italy and North-West Turkey (Mauri et al., 2016). This species grows up to 1000 m above sea level in Thrace, Northwest Anatolia and Marmara Regions of Turkey (Yaltırık, 1998). Its wood is widely used for firewood and timber production. It is an element of the sub-Mediterranean flora, and is usually associated in mixed groups (as well as hybrids) with other oak species across its distribution range. Hungarian oak, a meso-xerophilous species, grow in heavy acidic soils and tolerates some water-logging (Mauri et al., 2016). It is an intermediate ability of resistance to drought (Manes et al., 2006).
231,692,750 conifers, 90,558,250 broadleaved and 2,241,750 Quercus seedlings per year in Turkey are produced (OGM, 2017). The production of high-quality seedling in the nursery is considered a prerequisite for plant survival and successful establishment in the field (Mohamed, 2013) particularly in extreme field conditions (Şevik et al., 2003; Demircioğlu et al., 2004; Avanoğlu et al., 2005). Qualified seedling is defined as superior seedling in terms of their morphological, physiological and genetic characteristics in comparison with even-aged seedlings from the same seed origin that are grown at similar conditions with regard to irrigation, weed control, hoeing and manuring (Gezer & Yücedağ, 2006). Nursery managers use various cultural practices (e.g. seedbed density and root pruning for barer-root seedlings; cell density and volume for container seedlings; fertilization, irrigation, and top-pruning for all stock types etc.) to produce seedlings with desired morphological and physiological characteristics (Ayan, 2007; Grossnickle & South, 2017). Knowledge in seed technology and nursery practice has important roles in field performance of the species because qualified seedlings were produced with the proper nursery techniques. One of the important nursery practices used to produce qualified seedlings is application of plant hormones.
Plant hormones (also known as phytohormones) are naturally occurring organic substances that affect growth and development of plants in very low concentrations (Srivastava, 2002; Hajam et al., 2017). Exogenous applications of growth regulators have marked influence on seedling growth (Kumaran et al., 1994). Indole acetic acid (IAA), indole butyric acid (IBA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) are examples used as plant hormones (Maku et al., 2014a). On the other hand, for prolife producing in nursery environment, use of ways that decrease the growth period of plant (like effective hormones in getting root) will be profit in the case of economic (Rahdari et al., 2014).
This study was carried out to find out the effect of different phytohormones on the seedling growth of Hungarian oak for subsequent recommendation in forestry and to enhance large scale propagation of the species for plantation establishment.
Material and MethodsTop
Mature acorns of Hungarian oak used for this study were collected from a natural stand in Kocaman forest district within the boundaries of Ereğli Forest Management Directorate affiliated Zonguldak Forest Regional Directorate at northwestern region of Turkey (41° 06’ N, 31° 30’ E, 650 m asl.) in September of 2013. Trees were about 50-60 years old and 30-40 cm in diameter at breast height. A total of 2000 acorns were obtained from 20 individuals keeping a minimum distance of 30 m between trees and taken to the laboratory as soon as collected. Collected acorns were mixed and 120 acorns were randomly selected for each treatment. Selected acorns were soaked in 300 ppm concentration of Indole Butyric Acid (IBA), Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), and Gibberellic acids (GA3, GA4) for 24 hours before sowing. And also, no any treatment was used called as Control. 300 ppm concentration as solution was tested by taking into consideration researches exploring the effects of phytohormone on seedling growth of different species.
The study was conducted in the Yenihan State Forest Nursery of Bartin-Turkey (41°30’ N, 32°29’ E, 450 m asl). Annual average precipitation is about 387 mm with an average temperature of 11.9°C based on 90 years’ climatic data (MGM, 2019). The growing season is about 220 days long. The nursery experiment was arranged using a completely randomized design with three replications of 40 acorns per replication. Pretreated acorns were sown in September of 2013 with 4 cm of sowing depth. Each seed-bed was oriented in east-west direction in the nursery and had five rows and a standard width of 1.2 m. Irrigation was performed twice a day by sprinkling, and weed control was manually done once a month for each seed-bed in the nursery during the growing season of 2014 and 2015. In November of 2015, a total of 150 two years old bare-root seedlings (30 seedlings for each treatment) were uprooted without harming the roots. The hand-lifted seedlings were examined in terms of morphological traits, such as seedling height (SH - cm), root collar diameter (RCD - mm), stem fresh weight (STFW - g), root fresh weight (RFW - g), seedling fresh weight (SEFW - g), stem dry weight (STDW - g), root dry weight (RDW - g) and seedling dry weight (SEDW - g). Calculations of fresh and dry weights were based on the weights determined before and after oven drying samples at 102±3 °C for 24 h.
Water contents of seedlings (%) for each treatment were determined (Saura-Mas & Lloret, 2007) as:
As no single traits can determine seedling quality, the Dickson quality index (DQI) has been considered a promising tool or good indicator of seedlings quality (Mohamed, 2013). DQI was calculated according to Dickson et al. (1960) using the following formula:
Statistical analysis was carried out by using SPSS (SPSS Inc., 2002). An ANOVA was performed to test the effect of different treatments on seedling growth in Hungarian oak, and Duncan test was done as multiple comparison (p < 0.05). In addition, correlations between pairs of the measured seedling traits were evaluated by using Pearson’s correlation coefficients. The variance model of one-way ANOVA given below was used
Where; Yij is the observation from the jth seedling of the ith treatment, μ is overall mean, Ti is the random effect of the ith treatment, and eij is random error.
ResultsTop
Mean values, standard deviations and range related to the traits were determined (Table 1). Accordingly, it was found that there were significant differences at 0.01 level among the studied treatments in terms of the traits with the exception of root collar diameter. The overall mean values of seedling height, root collar diameter, stem fresh weight, root fresh weight, seedling fresh weight, stem dry weight, root dry weight and seedling dry weight were 30.8 cm, 9 mm, 6.3 g, 13.9 g, 20.2 g, 8 g, 3.8 g and 11.7 g, respectively. IBA increased all seedling traits with the exception of root collar diameter while GA3 decreased them apart from seedling height and root collar diameter. Only minor differences in mean values were recorded between treatment IAA and GA4. The highest mean values for seedling height and root collar diameter were found 44 cm in treatment IBA and 10.9 mm in treatment IAA (Table 1).
Table 1. Phytohormone effects on seedling growth in Hungarian oak (SH: seedling height, RCD: root collar diameter, STFW: stem fresh weight, RFW: root fresh weigh, SEFW: seedling fresh weight, STDW: stem dry weight, RDW: root dry weight and SEDW: seedling dry weight).
Pearson’s correlation coefficients among pairs of traits (Table 2) revealed positive correlations (p < 0.05) between pairs of seedling traits of the species apart from root collar diameter. A strong positive correlation was found between root fresh weight with both seedling fresh weight (r = 0.948) and seedling dry weight (r = 0.921).
Table 2. Pearson coefficient of correlation between pairs of traits of the seedlings.
Phytohormone affected both DQI and seedling water content. DQI had the highest value (2.3) on IBA and the lowest value (1.8) on GA3. The highest value of seedling water content was 44.4 % on IAA, and the lowest value was 39.8 % on GA4 (Figure 1). DQI showed strongly positive correlations with root and seedling fresh weights but no correlation with the other traits (Table 3).
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Table 3. Correlation between DQI with seedling traits.
DiscussionTop
Strong positive correlations were found between root fresh weight with both seedling fresh weight and seedling dry weight. However, root collar diameter had no correlation with the studied traits in compliance with the result determined by Thangjam & Sahoo (2017) who investigate the effects of GA3 on the seedling growth of Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr. On the other side, Binotto et al. (2010) indicated that root collar diameter was strongly correlated with seedling height, stem and root weight, and seedling weight in both Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden and Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii. In fact, the architecture of the root system directly influences seedling growth i.e. the greater the root area for nutrient absorption, the more positive the growth behavior (Yamada et al., 2005; Binotto et al., 2010).
Best performance of all studied seedling traits with the exception of root collar diameter was revealed in seedlings with 300 ppm IBA for 24 hours in this study. In similar way, Maku et al. (2014a and b) found that treatments of seeds with 5 and 30 ppm IBA for 24 hours enhanced seedling height and root collar diameter of Tetrapleaura tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) Taub. and Mansonia altissima A. Chev. seedlings, respectively. Contrary to these positive results from IBA application, Sale (2016) suggested that the performance of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq) Benth could be raised without treating the seeds with IBA.
In the present study, treatment of seeds with 300 ppm GA3 for 24 hours reduced all seedling traits apart from seedling height and root collar diameter. Similar results have been found previously by Maku et al. (2014a) with 30 ppm GA3 for 24 hours for Tetrapleaura tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) Taub. and by Acar et al. (2017) with 500 ppm GA3 for 24 hours for Pistacia khinjuk Stocks. - A genotype. In contrast, the opposite results such as for Pistacia vera L. with 200 ppm GA3 for 12 hours (Ameen & Al-Imam, 2007), Corylus colurna L. with 80-120 ppm GA3 for 24 hours (Arslan et al., 2013), Coriandrum sativum L. with 100 ppm GA3 for 24 hours (Kumar et al., 2014), Citrus limonia Osbeck with 80 ppm GA3 for 12 hours (Dilip et al., 2017), Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr. with 500 ppm GA3 for 12 hours (Thangjam & Sahoo, 2017) and Cassia fistula L. with 760 ppm GA3 for 24 hours (Rout et al., 2017) have been reported. Sivacioğlu et al. (2007) were obtained best traits values via IBA+NAA mixed 17 hormones for root collar diameter and stem dry weight by production Scots pine seedlings. At the same time, Kumaran et al. (1994) stressed that the concentration and time of phytohormone application were inversely related with seedling growth of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Positive results from seed treatment with IBA and IAA in comparison with GA3 in the present study was in agreement with the findings reported from studies on woody species by Elo et al. (2009) that IAA, IBA and NAA were the predominant factors regulating cambium formation rather than GA3.
Although nursery plants may have a good external appearance such as good seedling height or root collar diameter, it does not necessarily imply good survival in the field after transplanting. This information is obtained by the study of morphological attributes such DQI (Manas et al., 2009). DQI integrating the aspects of total plant mass, the sturdiness quotient and the ratio of root collar diameter to seedling height explains over all plant potential for survival and growth in the field. Increasing values of DQI have showed the growing potential of the relevant species for field establishment success, i.e. its maximum values are desirable (Manas et al., 2009; Chauhan & Sharma, 2017). DQI is in turn a useful predictor of plantation performance (Bayala et al., 2009). Seedlings of Hungarian oak pretreated with IBA not only had the highest values for the studied traits apart from root collar diameter but also according to DQI, treatment IBA displayed to be the most beneficial phytohormone application for generating Hungarian oak seedlings.
As considered the results from the present study, it could be concluded that IBA should be adopted in planting the seedlings of Hungarian oak for plantation activities. However, various doses of phytohormones during different durations should be examined in order to achieve better growth results. The effects of phytohormones on seedling survival and establishment in field should be also investigated in a further research.
ReferencesTop
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